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====== Restrictive Covenants (CC&Rs) ======

**Restrictive covenants**, commonly called **CC&Rs (Covenants, Conditions, and Restrictions)**, are **private restrictions** placed on real property that **limit how the property may be used**.

===== Key Characteristics =====
  * Create **private land-use controls**
  * Are **non-possessory rights**
  * Run with the land
  * Bind current and future owners
  * Enforced by **homeowners’ associations (HOAs)** or affected owners

===== Common CC&R Restrictions =====
  * Architectural standards
  * Use limitations (residential vs. commercial)
  * Pet restrictions
  * Rental limitations
  * Parking rules

===== CC&Rs vs Public Controls =====
  * **CC&Rs**
    * Private agreements
    * Enforced by HOAs or owners
    * More restrictive rule usually prevails

  * **Zoning Laws**
    * Public controls
    * Enforced by government
    * Must comply with both zoning and CC&Rs

===== How CC&Rs Are Created =====
  * Recorded in the deed or subdivision map
  * Established by developers
  * Accepted by buyers when purchasing property

===== Termination or Change =====
  * Expiration date
  * Amendment by required owner vote
  * Court action
  * Merger

===== Exam Tip =====
  * CC&Rs affect **use**, not ownership
  * When CC&Rs conflict with zoning, the **more restrictive rule applies**