Monuments

Monuments are permanent physical markers used in land descriptions to identify property boundaries.

• Used in metes and bounds descriptions
• Take priority over measurements
• Can be natural or artificial
• Considered the most reliable boundary evidence

• Natural Monuments
  • Rivers
  • Trees
  • Rock formations

• Artificial Monuments
  • Iron stakes
  • Concrete markers
  • Survey pins
  • Fences

Order used when descriptions conflict:

1. Monuments
2. Courses (directions)
3. Distances
4. Area

• Monuments control over distance errors
• Natural monuments usually outweigh artificial ones